Textual Studies of the Doctrine and Covenants: The Plural Marriage Revelation

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Acknowledgements

1.Introduction

Delivery and Original Manuscript
Dating the Revelation
Manuscript Copies of the Revelation
Printing the Plural Marriage Revelation
Organization of the Revelation

2. The Revelation Heading: Evolving Context

3. Verses 1–5: The Ancient Roots of Polygamy

“Inasmuch as You have Inquired of My Hand”
“A New and an Everlasting Covenant”
“If Ye Abide not that Covenant, then Are Ye Damned”

4. Verses 6–15: The Permission to Seal

“The Keys of this Priesthood”
“Sealed by the Holy Spirit of Promise”
“Whom I have Appointed”
“A House of Order”
“As Pertaining to the New and Everlasting Covenant”
“Their Covenant and Marriage Are not of Force when They Are Dead”

5. Verses 16–27: Unconditional Sealing and Eternal Damnation

“But Are Appointed Angels in Heaven”
“Except Ye Abide My Law Ye Cannot Attain to this Glory”
“Sealed by the Holy Spirit of Promise”
“Fulness and Continuation of the Seeds”
“Then Shall They Be Gods”
“This Is Eternal Lives”
“They Receive Me Not”
“Which Shall Not Be Forgiven in the World Nor Out of the World”

6. Verses 28–45: Polygamy and the Afterlife

“As Innumerable as the Stars”
“As Touching Abraham and His Seed”
“It was Accounted unto Him for Righteousness”
“They Have Entered Into Their Exaltation. . . . Therefore He Hath Fallen From His Exaltation”
“And Restore All Things”
“Hath Committed Adultery and Shall Be Destroyed”
“I Have Conferred Upon You the Keys”

7. Verses 46–50: Joseph Smith and the Keys of the Kingdom

“I Say Unto You, My Servant Joseph”
“Shall Be Eternally Bound in the Heavens”
“Whosesoever Sins You Remit”
“With Abraham Your Father”
“I Seal Upon You Your Exaltation”

8. Verses 51–57: The Secret of Emma

“That Which I Commanded You to Offer Unto Her”
“Receive. . . . [or] Be Destroyed”
“For He Hath Been Faithful Over A Few Things”
“Let Not My Servant Joseph Put His Property Out Of His Hands”

9. Verses 58–63: The Mechanics of Plurality and Kingdoms of Heaven

“I Will Justify Him”
“If Any Man Espouse a Virgin”
“To Multiply and Replenish the Earth”
“For They Belong To Him”
“That They May Bear the Souls of Men”
“For Herein Is the Work of My Father Continued”

10. Verses 64–66: The Law of Sarah

“If She Receive Not This Law”
“I Will Reveal More unto You, Hereafter”

11.A Speculative Modern Revision

Section 132

Epilogue: The Legacy of the Plural Marriage Revelation

The Severity and Consequences of Adultery
Utah Politics and the Revelation
Polygamous Praxis in Utah
A Legacy of Sealing
A Theological Legacy
Sealing and Excommunication
Mormonism Today

Addendum: The Kingsbury Manuscript

The Kingsbury Manuscript
Notes on Horace K. Whitney Manuscripts of the Plural Marriage Revelation

Bibliography
Scripture Index
Subject Index

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Q: Give us a little background into how you became interested in researching plural marriage?

A: Section 132 is Joseph Smith’s final revelation text and in some ways, it had a greater influence over his subsequent legacy than any other text aside from the Book of Mormon. My main historical interest in Mormonism is its preaching texts. Joseph Smith’s revelation texts, together with his own sermon corpus, are connected in many ways to that broader Mormon and Protestant sermon culture. The revelation had deep influence in the relationships between Territorial and statehood Utah and the United States; and made for interesting common ground narratives with other segments of the social landscape in America, as well as indelibly marking the boundaries between Mormon faithfulness and Protestant America even into the twenty-first century. Those stories fascinated me.

Q: It's a common misconception that Joseph Smith first learned about polygamy through the plural marriage revelation, when, in fact, he had already been practicing it for a few years prior to receiving it. If not to introduce it, what was the purpose of the revelation when it was received?

A: The revelation arises from a request by Hyrum Smith, but that story has multiple axes. His brother Hyrum seems to have been convinced of the virtue of polygamy out of its promise of being eternally with his deceased first wife, Jerusha Barden, while not abandoning his second wife, Mary Fielding. This domestic concept of heaven was the logic of polygamy for Hyrum. Emma Smith, first wife of Joseph, was deeply opposed to her husband’s polygamy for a multitude of reasons. Jealousy was at issue, but perhaps more-so the state of the Mormon community and its political and social predicament. Hyrum apparently believed his own adaption to polygamy could convince Emma of its virtue and bring Joseph and Emma into harmony. The result was a text largely directed to Emma Smith and very much a contemporary construction, yet it served to drive future social, religious, legal, and political tensions—including various schisms within the Church and the Smith family, the rise of Brigham Young and the apostles, and the long territorial status of Utah.

Q: In your book you show how the revelation points to new theological ideas and priesthood structures that Joseph introduced during the Nauvoo period. What are some of these new ideas, and why are they important to understanding the revelation?

A: The revelation brings to a climax many threads from 1830s Mormonism. For example, a refined picture of heaven, church hierarchy, and the Abrahamic story. It also reflects significant discourse in Nauvoo regarding coping with loss, heavenly progression, etc. Some of the theological threads originated with an event in June 1831. It was during a conference of that month that Joseph Smith introduced the “high priesthood.” Together with this introduction came the concept of “sealing up to eternal life.” Could a person, even a whole congregation, be guaranteed a seat at the Throne of Grace in this life? The high priesthood had the power to do this. I take some time in the book to explore the relationship of the high priesthood and its divisional office of patriarch with the idea of sealing, and how this idea became fully realized with the Nauvoo incarnation of sealing and priesthood. The plural marriage revelation draws on some elements of Smith’s Nauvoo preaching in public and private, some of which shows an interesting contrast between Smith’s public sermons and later interpretations that were prominent in Utah.

Q: What are some of the lasting impacts of the plural marriage revelation that are affecting Mormonism today?

A: Many important themes in current Mormonism are based on narratives derived from the plural marriage revelation. One of these is serial polygamous marriages where a man may remarry after the death of a spouse and have hopes that both households will be intact in the heavens. Women are not eligible for such practices. Temple practices of sealing, marriage, and family are traced to section 132, though not explicitly. The “Proclamation on the Family” is largely founded in nineteenth-century values that find textual support in the plural marriage revelation. The long defense of polygamy through the beginning of the twentieth century shaped the Church’s political attitudes in Utah to a great extent. Utah’s reaction to that political struggle was to position Mormons as ultra-Americans, rather than members of a dissenting sect of outsiders. These are just a few areas where the plural marriage revelation has had a large impact on Mormons historically and in the present.

Q: What are you hoping that readers will gain from reading Textual Studies of the D&C: The Plural Marriage Revelation?

A: My hope is that readers will come away with an increased respect for the early Mormons (especially women) who lived during the time of the practice of polygamy and its ending; as well as the power the revelation had over Mormon teaching and thought. The revelation is rarely quoted or referenced in the LDS church of the last nearly one hundred years, which was influenced by the political tension between Washington and Utah. I hope readers will gain a greater understanding of the roles that culture, the migration westward, public perception, and social change had on the public views of Latter-day Saints. Section 132 is a deeply-embedded component of Church teachings on eternal family, the approach of the Church towards gay rights and marriage, and social and political issues like the ERA and the role of women within the Church. It is not an exaggeration to say that the revelation on polygamy is one of the cornerstones that underlies what Utah and the LDS church are today.