Engraven Upon Plates, Printed Upon Paper: Textual and Narrative Structures of the Book of Mormon

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Introduction

Section I: The Nineteenth-Century Text

1. Joseph and Translation

A Divinely Infallible Translation?
A Divine, or Divine-adjacent, Translator?
Joseph Smith as the Agent of Translation?

Presence of Joseph in the Translation of the Bible
Presence of Joseph in the Translation of the Book of Abraham
Presence of Joseph in the Text of the Revelations
Allowing for Joseph’s Presence in the Translation of the Book of Mormon

2. Nineteenth-Century Influence on the Text

The Book of Mormon Reception Audience
The King James Bible and Book of Mormon Language
Quoting the King James Bible
Alluding to the King James Bible
The How and Why of the New Testament Quotations

3. Translation Artifacts in the English Text

Language-based Anachronisms
The Use of “Christ” as a Name
Fulfilled Prophecy and Translation
Spontaneity in the Dictated Text

Sentences Correcting Their Own Errors
Incomplete Sentences
Incomplete Sentences Corrected by Repetitive Resumption
Incomplete Sentences Left Without Resolution

4. Translating Meaning

Section II: The Nephite Book of Mormon

5. A Written Original Behind the Translation

6. Structuring the Text

Book of Mormon Chapters

Sermon Endings May End Chapters
Testificatory Amen Endings
Anomalous and Missing Chapter Breaks

The Original Book and Chapter Headers
Textual Markers In Lieu of Punctuation

Paratextual Function of “And Now” and “And It Came To Pass”
Paratextual Function of “And” and “Now”

Nephi1’s Internal Story Demarcation

7. Influence of the Assumed Audience

Scriptures, Audience, and the Isaiah Chapters

8. Interweaving Names and Narrative

9. Preserved Orality in Nephite Literature

Privileging Orality within Texts
Evidence of Memorized Texts
Discourse as Retention of Oral Sensibilities
Redundancy in Orality
Leitwort
Chiasmus
Literary Parallelisms
Sayings
Stereotyping
Dyadic Pairs
Diphrastic Kennings

10. Blocks of Time

Ending Chapters on Five-Year Intervals
Time-sets and Prophecy

Section III: Nephite Writers and Their Sources

11. Reconstructing the Final Nephite Archive

Large and Small Plates
Brass Plates
Plates of Ether
Record of Zeniff
Record of Alma1
Personal Record of Alma2
Personal Record of Nephi3

12. The Structure of the Large Plates

Chronological Organization
Individual Named Books within the Book of Mormon

Books of the Small Plates
The Reigns of Kings and Judges
The Books of 3 and 4 Nephi

13. Nephi1’s and Jacob’s Use of Source Texts

Nephi1’s Use of Scripture
Nephi1’s Introduction to Isaiah in 2 Nephi
Nephi1’s Prophetic Pesher on Isaiah in 2 Nephi
Jacob and Sources

14. Mormon’s Use of Source Texts

Mormon, Sources, and History
Mormon’s Two Overarching Purposes
Showing that Jesus Is the Christ, the Eternal God
Showing Unto the Remnant of the House of Israel What Great Things the Lord Hath Done

Historical Consciousness and Things that Repeat
Thematic Parallels Beginning in the Lost Pages

15. Mormon’s Appendix

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Q: With The Plates of Mormon and Engraven Upon Plates, Printed Upon Paper you have now published ten volumes on the Book of Mormon. What started you on your own path in Book of Mormon studies, and is there a particular approach to the text that you like to focus on?

A: The most definable beginning point was when I was asked to do a weekly online article on the Book of Mormon. I decided to do an in-depth commentary that used Mesoamerica (my academic emphasis) as a plausible background. That project became Second Witness some twelve years later.

I take the Book of Mormon’s claims about itself seriously. For me, that means I can ask why a particular author wrote what he did in the order he did and apply human logic and understanding to the process. Too often believers in the text assume that we have the text because God wanted it that way. That isn’t the way the Bible was created, and that isn’t the process described in the Book of Mormon. That doesn’t preclude inspiration—but that inspiration always came to and through human hands.

Q: What is the relationship between Plates and Engraven? Did you begin one before the other, or were they conceived and worked on simultaneously?

A: That is a hard and complicated question. I worked on many of the ideas that resulted in the way Plates is formatted prior to beginning that project. However, after it's first iteration, the manuscript sat on my hard drive for at least a year. Engraven was started after that, but I worked on a revision of my original work on Plates about the same time.

Q: How does The Plates of Mormon differ from other study editions of the Book of Mormon?

A: Most study editions begin with either the most recent version under Church copyright or the public domain 1920 edition, and they are generally focused on devotional study with interpretive commentary for that purpose. Royal Skousen’s The Earliest Text is the closest to what I am doing with Plates, but there are still differences. Skousen’s book attempts to get back to the dictation and presents the text as “sense-lines” void of punctuation and formatting.

This edition differs from all others in that it has sought to present the text as its primary author and editor, Mormon, conceived of his book. As many are aware, when the Printer's Manuscript was handed over to Grandin Print Shop for publication, it was a flowing text that lacked not only punctuation and uniform capitalization but also any clear distinction between book titles, headers, and paragraphs. Those were all added by Grandin's compositor John Gilbert and have largely remained as they were since that first 1830 edition. Plates seeks to revise Gilbert's work by taking the raw text of the Book of Mormon and modifying both its sentence construction and presentation based on literary and textual structures within the text. For example, there are also some textual markers that I believe were inherited from the original Nephite text that were remnants of a culture in transition from an oral to a literature culture. “And it came to pass” has come to have a much more important meaning for me, and I wish we would restore those few times that the phrase has been removed. In general, I find I like the manuscript version of the Book of Mormon better than the modern edition which has made a few slight changes.

Furthermore, it seems rather clear that Mormon was not anticipating Martin Harris's unfortunate loss of the so-called lost 116 pages and the subsequent use of the small plates of Nephi to replace the missing text. Thus, this edition has moved the small plates' text to the back as Mormon himself intended (similar to appendices in modern books), with his Words to introduce the "great things written upon them." I believe reading the small plates in this context highlights the unique and different role Nephi and others had for their writings that we might otherwise miss by reading them as an intentional beginning to the Book of Mormon.

Q: Is there anything in particular about the Book of Mormon that stuck out to you while you were working on these books that you hadn’t fully recognized before?

A: Almost every time I approach the Book of Mormon, I am learning things I hadn’t seen before. I had previously understood the narrative function of “and it came to pass,” but working on Plates brought out the companion phrase “and now” which works in conjunction with “and it came to pass” to move the action of the text through time, or to show events happening during the same time.

Engraven is pretty much all things I have learned about the text, though some of the ideas have been cooking for a long time and some have seen light in different ways.

Q: What was the biggest challenge you faced while punctuating and formatting the Printer’s Manuscript for The Plates of Mormon?

A: Staying awake? What a generally boring task! It was fascinating to learn that after however many times I have read the Book of Mormon and how many times I have tried to read it closely—there were new things that I had never seen before. Sometimes it was incomplete sentences. In one case, it was an unfortunate punctuation that created the strange statement that Christ had never shown himself on earth. That one is still in the current text! I note it in the Introduction to Plates, so maybe we can get people to read at least the introduction to find out which verse.

Q: In Engraven Upon Plates, Printed Upon Paper you lean in heavily on Mormon, Nephi, and others being very real persons working very real records. Are there any implications of this approach that previous scholars of the Book of Mormon haven’t fully considered?

A: I think the question pertains more to a believing audience than an academic one. The non-believing academics can read as though there were real writers, but it is a convenient fiction. For believers, I think the difference is that many accept that there were real people, but have them sacralized almost to the point where they are sacred symbols more than human writers. By accepting Mormon, Nephi, and others as real writers, we can look at how they accomplished their work without assuming that that they were merely puppets controlled by the divine hand.

Q: What from these books do you hope that those who do not believe in the ancient historicity of the Book of Mormon can nevertheless find valuable and insightful to their understanding of that book of scripture?

A: Plates of Mormon allows the easier answer. That book can be used as a tool to understand the text of the Book of Mormon as it was presented in 1829.

Because Engraven divides the text into creative layers. The modern translation layer is where most nonbelieving academics spend their time. However, the whole text is essentially descriptive without declaring that those descriptions prove historicity. I assume it in the way I categorize the elements examined, but those elements can be examined and understood quite apart from the boxes in which I have placed them.